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Just knowing how to write some C++ program doesn't mean that you can write a large-scale program effectively. Let me use an analogy. As children, many of us have built sand castles at a beach. Is this proof that we can use sand to build real castles, using the same techniques?
Now, C++ is not sand. C++ is not a toy programming language. It can be used to build very complex systems of software. However, the technique that we use for developing smaller programs cannot be used to develop large programs.
A data structure class explores common methods to arrange data and code that can be utilized in many applications. It also introduces methods to organize a program so that development and debugging can be done efficiently. Last, but not least, it exposes us to certain analytical techniques to evaluate the efficiency of a program.